The significance of the Nuremberg Trials of 1945 for developing biomedical ethics  and the ethical review of biomedical research

This article analyzes the historical role of the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi doctors (1945-1947) in shaping modern biomedical ethics and the system of ethical review. It examines the key principles of the Nuremberg Code, such as voluntary informed consent, risk minimization, and scientific validity, which became the cornerstone for subsequent international ethical and legal documents. It is shown that the lessons of Nuremberg were reflected in the development of international instruments aimed at regulating medical and research activities (the Helsinki Declaration, the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, the World Health Organization Code of Ethics, the World Medical Association's Geneva Declaration) and directly led to the establishment of the institution of ethics committees, which protect the rights and dignity of research participants. The conclusion is made about the enduring relevance of the Code's principles in the face of new challenges of the 21st century.

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