<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">clinvest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Качественная клиническая практика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kachestvennaya Klinicheskaya Praktika = Good Clinical Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2588-0519</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8473</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство ОКИ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/2588-0519-2025-3-118-126</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">HIFPPP</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">clinvest-810</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВНУТРЕННИЕ БОЛЕЗНИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние клинических особенностей течения аксиального спондилоартрита на кардиоваскулярный риск</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Impact of axial spondyloarthritis clinical features on cardiovascular risk</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9640-754X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белоглазов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beloglazov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Белоглазов Владимир Алексеевич — д. м. н., профессор, зав. кафедрой внутренней медицины №2 2‑го медицинского факультета; Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинский институт им. С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Beloglazov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor, Head of the Department of Internal Medicine No. 2 of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the S. I. Georgievsky Medical Institute</p><p>Simferopol</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">biloglazov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6398-2545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петров Андрей Владимирович  — д. м. н., проф., проф. кафедры внутренней медицины №2 2‑го медицинского факультета; Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинский институт им. С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Petrov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor, Department of Internal Medicine No. 2 of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the S. I. Georgievsky Medical Institute</p><p>Simferopol</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">petroff14@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-9585</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаффарова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaffarova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гаффарова Анифе Севриевна — ассистент кафедры внутренней медицины №2 2‑го медицинского факультета; Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинский институт им. С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anife S. Gaffarova — Assistant Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine No. 2 of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the S. I. Georgievsky Medical Institute</p><p>Simferopol</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anife.gaffarova96@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5486-7262</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яцков</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yatskov</surname><given-names>I A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яцков Игорь Анатольевич  — к. м. н., доцент кафедры внутренней медицины №2 2‑го медицинского факультета </p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor A. Yatskov — Cand. Sci. (Med.), associate professor, Department of Internal Medicine No. 2 of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the S.  I.  Georgievsky Medical Institute</p><p>Simferopol</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egermd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7467-7191</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кошукова</surname><given-names>Г. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koshukova</surname><given-names>G. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кошукова Галина Николаевна — д. м. н., профессор, кафедра внутренней медицины №2 2‑го медицинского факультета; Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинский институт им. С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina N. Koshukova  — Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor, Department of Internal Medicine  No. 2 of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the S.  I.  Georgievsky Medical Institute</p><p>Simferopol</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">koshukova.gn@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8960-602X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бублей</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bubley</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бублей Константин Викторович  — ассистент кафедры внутренней медицины №2 2‑го медицинского факультета </p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin  V.  Bubley  — Assistant Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine  No. 2 of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the S.  I.  Georgievsky Medical Institute</p><p>Simferopol</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bubley.99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-0686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горлов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorlov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горлов Александр Александрович — ассистент кафедры внутренней медицины №2 2‑го медицинского факультета; Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинский институт им. С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Gorlov — Assistant Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine No. 2 of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the S.  I.  Georgievsky Medical Institute</p><p>Simferopol</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexander_gorloff@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. Вернадского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vernadsky Crimean Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>118</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Белоглазов В.А., Петров А.В., Гаффарова А.С., Яцков И.А., Кошукова Г.Н., Бублей К.В., Горлов А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Белоглазов В.А., Петров А.В., Гаффарова А.С., Яцков И.А., Кошукова Г.Н., Бублей К.В., Горлов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Beloglazov V.A., Petrov A.V., Gaffarova A.S., Yatskov I.A., Koshukova G.N., Bubley K.V., Gorlov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.clinvest.ru/jour/article/view/810">https://www.clinvest.ru/jour/article/view/810</self-uri><abstract><p>Спондилоартриты (СпА) — группа заболеваний, характеризующаяся поражением аксиального скелета, периферических суставов, внеаксиальными (энтезиты, дактилиты) и системными проявлениями. Кардиоваскулярная патология (КВП) лидирует в структуре смертности пациентов со СпА, а противовоспалительная терапия с использованием нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов (НПВП) дополнительно повышает кардиоваскулярный риск (КВР). Факторы КВР широко известны, однако для полной оценки КВР у пациентов со СпА требуется учитывать особенности течения заболевания, усложняющие контроль КВР. В  исследовании COMOSPA было показано, что ассоциация СпА с псориазом увеличивает КВР, особенно в случае наличия периферического поражения суставов. При оценке влияния радиографической прогрессии на КВР была продемонстрирована связь показателя mSASSS с артериальной гипертензией и КВР, при этом индекс BASRI не ассоциировался с КВР у пациентов со СпА. При оценке влияния лабораторной и клинической активности СпА на КВР было показано, что частота АГ и КВР при недостаточной эффективности лечения и наличия персистенции и воспаления у пациентов со СпА увеличивается, а лечение, в том числе с использованием НПВП за счёт снижения активности СпА и увеличения подвижности позвоночника, позволяет снизить КВР. Кроме этого, на когорте пациентов «Difficult-to-treat axial spondyloarthritis» продемонстрирован более высокий КВР, что указывает на значимость достижения ремиссии и низкой активности СпА для снижения КВР. Стойкие структурные изменения, зарегистрированные при рентгенографии, обусловливали повышение КВР в ассоциации с повышением С-реактивного белка и увеличением толщины комплекса интима-медиа. Важно, что в исследованиях продемонстрировано увеличение сердечно-сосудистых событий (острого коронарного синдрома и инсульта) у пациентов со СпА. Таким образом, исследования подтверждают необходимость достижения цели лечения и проведения адекватной терапии для снижения смертности пациентов со СпА от КВП.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a group of inflammatory disorders characterized by the involvement of axial and peripheral joints, as well as systemic manifestations. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of mortality in patients with axSpA, and anti-inflammatory therapy with NSAIDs may further increase cardiovascular risk (CVR). While conventional CVR factors are well-established, a comprehensive CVR assessment in axSpA requires consideration of disease-specific features that complicate risk management. The COMOSPA study indicated that the association of SpA with psoriasis elevates CVR, particularly in cases with peripheral joint involvement. Regarding radiographic progression, a relationship was demonstrated between the mSASSS index and both arterial hypertension (AH) and CVR, whereas the BASRI was not associated with CVR. Studies on the impact of disease activity have shown that ineffective treatment and persistent inflammation are linked to increased AH and CVR. Conversely, NSAID therapy, by reducing disease activity and improving spinal mobility, was associated with lower CVR. Furthermore, a cohort of patients with "difficult-to-treat" axial spondyloarthritis demonstrated higher CVR, underscoring the importance of achieving remission or low disease activity for risk reduction. Persistent structural damage observed radiographically, in conjunction with elevated C-reactive protein and increased carotid intima-media thickness, was associated with higher CVR. Critically, studies have confirmed an increased incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events, such as acute coronary syndrome and stroke, in axSpA patients. In conclusion, current evidence confirms the necessity of achieving treatment targets through effective therapy to reduce mortality in patients with axSpA and comorbid cardiovascular pathology.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>спондилоартрит</kwd><kwd>кардиоваскулярный риск</kwd><kwd>артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spondyloarthritis</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular risk</kwd><kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harper BE, Reveille JD. Spondyloarthritis: clinical suspicion, diagnosis, and sports. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2009 Jan-Feb;8(1):29-34. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181967ac6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harper BE, Reveille JD. Spondyloarthritis: clinical suspicion, diagnosis, and sports. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2009 Jan-Feb;8(1):29-34. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181967ac6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramiro S, Nikiphorou E, Sepriano A, et al. ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023 Jan;82(1):19-34. doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramiro S, Nikiphorou E, Sepriano A, et al. ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023 Jan;82(1):19-34. doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ward MM, Deodhar A, Gensler LS, et al. 2019 Update of the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network Recommendations for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 Oct;71(10):1599-1613. doi: 10.1002/art.41042.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ward MM, Deodhar A, Gensler LS, et al. 2019 Update of the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network Recommendations for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 Oct;71(10):1599-1613. doi: 10.1002/art.41042.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эрдес Ш.Ф. Обновленные рекомендации ASAS-EULAR для аксиального спондилоартрита. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2016;54(5):508-509. https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2016-508-509</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erdes Sh.F. Updated ASAS-EULAR guidelines for axial spondyloarthritis. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2016;54(5):508-509. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бичурин Д.Р., Атмайкина О.В., Черепанова О.А. Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания. Региональный аспект. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал. 2023;8(134).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bichurin DR, Atmaikina  OV, Cherepanova OA. Cardiovascular diseases. A regional aspect. International research journal. 2023;8(134). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moltó A, Etcheto A, van der Heijde D, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and evaluation of their screening in spondyloarthritis: results of the international cross-sectional ASAS-COMOSPA study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jun;75(6):1016-23. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moltó A, Etcheto A, van der Heijde D, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and evaluation of their screening in spondyloarthritis: results of the international cross-sectional ASAS-COMOSPA study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jun;75(6):1016-23. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уточкин Ю. А., Лобанова Ю. И., Якшина А. Д. Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания в России: обзор статистики. Наука через призму времени. 2024;1(82).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utochkin Yu. A., Lobanova Yu. I., Yakshina A. D. Cardiovascular diseases in Russia: a statistical review. Science through the prism of time. 2024;1(82). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puche-Larrubia MÁ, Ladehesa-Pineda L, Font-Ugalde P, et al. Distribution of comorbidities in spondyloarthritis with regard to the phenotype and psoriasis: data from the ASAS-COMOSPA study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021 Sep 20;13:1759720X211045263. doi: 10.1177/1759720X211045263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puche-Larrubia MÁ, Ladehesa-Pineda L, Font-Ugalde P, et al. Distribution of comorbidities in spondyloarthritis with regard to the phenotype and psoriasis: data from the ASAS-COMOSPA study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021 Sep 20;13:1759720X211045263. doi: 10.1177/1759720X211045263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen CH, Chen HA, Liao HT, et al. Association of blood pressure and hypertension with radiographic damage among the patients with ankyloing spondylitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Sep 23;101(38):e30811. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030811.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen CH, Chen HA, Liao HT, et al. Association of blood pressure and hypertension with radiographic damage among the patients with ankyloing spondylitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Sep 23;101(38):e30811. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030811.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi LH, Lam SH, So H, Chan CY, Li TK, Szeto CC, Tam LS. Inflammation is associated with incident hypertension in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: A longitudinal cohort study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2023 Dec 31;45(1):2205056. doi: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2205056.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi LH, Lam SH, So H, Chan CY, Li TK, Szeto CC, Tam LS. Inflammation is associated with incident hypertension in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: A longitudinal cohort study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2023 Dec 31;45(1):2205056. doi: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2205056.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Law L, Lindqvist P, Liv P, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis compared to controls and associations with markers of inflammation. Clin Rheumatol. 2024 May;43(5):1559-1570. doi: 10.1007/s10067-024-06913-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Law L, Lindqvist P, Liv P, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis compared to controls and associations with markers of inflammation. Clin Rheumatol. 2024 May;43(5):1559-1570. doi: 10.1007/s10067-024-06913-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akhtari S, Harvey PJ, Eder L. Cardio-Rheumatology Insights Into Hypertension: Intersection of Inflammation, Arteries, and Heart. Am J Hypertens. 2024 Nov 15;37(12):933-942. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpae098.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhtari S, Harvey PJ, Eder L. Cardio-Rheumatology Insights Into Hypertension: Intersection of Inflammation, Arteries, and Heart. Am J Hypertens. 2024 Nov 15;37(12):933-942. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpae098.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhattad PB, Kulkarni M, Patel PD, Roumia M. Cardiovascular Morbidity in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Focus on Inflammatory Cardiac Disease. Cureus. 2022 Jun 3;14(6):e25633. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25633.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhattad PB, Kulkarni M, Patel PD, Roumia M. Cardiovascular Morbidity in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Focus on Inflammatory Cardiac Disease. Cureus. 2022 Jun 3;14(6):e25633. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25633.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fakih O, Desmarets M, Martin B, et al. Difficult-to-treat axial spondyloarthritis is associated with psoriasis, peripheral involvement and comorbidities: results of an observational nationwide study. RMD Open. 2023 Nov 23;9(4):e003461. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003461.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fakih O, Desmarets M, Martin B, et al. Difficult-to-treat axial spondyloarthritis is associated with psoriasis, peripheral involvement and comorbidities: results of an observational nationwide study. RMD Open. 2023 Nov 23;9(4):e003461. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003461.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ladehesa-Pineda ML, Arias de la Rosa I, López Medina C, et al; CASTRO Working Group. Assessment of the relationship between estimated cardiovascular risk and structural damage in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020 Dec 30;12:1759720X20982837. doi: 10.1177/1759720X20982837.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ladehesa-Pineda ML, Arias de la Rosa I, López Medina C, et al; CASTRO Working Group. Assessment of the relationship between estimated cardiovascular risk and structural damage in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020 Dec 30;12:1759720X20982837. doi: 10.1177/1759720X20982837.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Llop M, Gratacós J, Moreno M, et al. Sex differential impact of comorbidities in spondyloarthritis: data from COMOSPA study. RMD Open. 2024 Jan 30;10(1):e003776. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003776.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Llop M, Gratacós J, Moreno M, et al. Sex differential impact of comorbidities in spondyloarthritis: data from COMOSPA study. RMD Open. 2024 Jan 30;10(1):e003776. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003776.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang KY, Her YH, Ju JH, et al. Radiographic progression is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2016; 26: 601–606.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang KY, Her YH, Ju JH, et al. Radiographic progression is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2016; 26: 601–606.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braun J, Krüger K, Manger B, et al. Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Inflammatory Rheumatological Conditions. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017 Mar 24;114(12):197-203. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braun J, Krüger K, Manger B, et al. Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Inflammatory Rheumatological Conditions. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017 Mar 24;114(12):197-203. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S, et al. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Jan;76(1):17-28. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209775.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S, et al. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Jan;76(1):17-28. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209775.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rueda-Gotor J, Llorca J, Corrales A, et al. Carotid ultrasound in the cardiovascular risk stratification of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a population-based study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2016; 34: 885–892.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rueda-Gotor J, Llorca J, Corrales A, et al. Carotid ultrasound in the cardiovascular risk stratification of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a population-based study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2016; 34: 885–892.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen H, Hong L, Wang H, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis and cardiovascular disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024 Dec 13;103(50):e40984. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000040984.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen H, Hong L, Wang H, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis and cardiovascular disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024 Dec 13;103(50):e40984. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000040984.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navarini L, Currado D, Marino A, et al. Persistence of C-reactive protein increased levels and high disease activity are predictors of cardiovascular disease in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Sci Rep. 2022 May 7;12(1):7498. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11640-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navarini L, Currado D, Marino A, et al. Persistence of C-reactive protein increased levels and high disease activity are predictors of cardiovascular disease in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Sci Rep. 2022 May 7;12(1):7498. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11640-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferraz-Amaro I, Rueda-Gotor J, Genre F, et al. Potential relation of cardiovascular risk factors to disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021 Jul 28;13:1759720X211033755. doi: 10.1177/1759720X211033755.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferraz-Amaro I, Rueda-Gotor J, Genre F, et al. Potential relation of cardiovascular risk factors to disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021 Jul 28;13:1759720X211033755. doi: 10.1177/1759720X211033755.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d'Elia H, Lie E, Klingberg E, Dehlin M, Exarchou S, Lindström U, Askling J, Jacobsson LTH. Are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events? A prospective nationwide population-based cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017 May 18;19(1):102. doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1315-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d'Elia H, Lie E, Klingberg E, Dehlin M, Exarchou S, Lindström U, Askling J, Jacobsson LTH. Are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events? A prospective nationwide population-based cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017 May 18;19(1):102. doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1315-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riva N, Donadini MP, Ageno W. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism: similarities with atherothrombosis and the role of inflammation. Thromb Haemost. 2015 Jun;113(6):1176-83. doi: 10.1160/TH14-06-0563.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riva N, Donadini MP, Ageno W. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism: similarities with atherothrombosis and the role of inflammation. Thromb Haemost. 2015 Jun;113(6):1176-83. doi: 10.1160/TH14-06-0563.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Willerson JT, Ridker PM. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation. 2004 Jun 1;109(21 Suppl 1):II2-10. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000129535.04194.38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Willerson JT, Ridker PM. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation. 2004 Jun 1;109(21 Suppl 1):II2-10. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000129535.04194.38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S, et al. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Jan;76(1):17-28. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209775.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S, et al. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Jan;76(1):17-28. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209775.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
