<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">clinvest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Качественная клиническая практика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kachestvennaya Klinicheskaya Praktika = Good Clinical Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2588-0519</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8473</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство ОКИ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/2588-0519-2025-3-62-72</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">FAVBZS</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">clinvest-803</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL TRIALS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Цифровизация клинических исследований: новые возможности применения искусственного интеллекта</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical trial digitalization: new opportunities for the use of artificial intelligence</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-6867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зырянов</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zyryanov</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зырянов Сергей Кенсаринович — д. м. н., профессор, зав. кафедрой общей и  клинической фармакологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey K. Zyryanov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zyryanov_sk@rudn.universit</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7170-8783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паршенков</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Parshenkov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Паршенков Михаил Алексеевич  — младший научный сотрудник кафедры токсикологической и  фармацевтической химии им. А.  П.  Арзамасцева Института фармации им. А.  П. Нелюбина </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail A. Parshenkov — Junior Researcher at the Department of Toxicological and Pharmaceutical Chemistry named after A. P. Arzamastsev, A. P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-0303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яворский</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yavorskiy</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яворский Александр Николаевич — д. м. н., профессор, советник генерального директора</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander N. Yavorsky — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Advisor to the Director General</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">200-31-11@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ассоциация участников обращения лекарственных средств и изделий медицинского назначения «ЛЕКМЕДОБРАЩЕНИЕ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Association of Participants in the Circulation of Medicines and Medical Devices "LEKMEDOBRACHENIE"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зырянов С.К., Паршенков М.А., Яворский А.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зырянов С.К., Паршенков М.А., Яворский А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zyryanov S.K., Parshenkov M.A., Yavorskiy A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.clinvest.ru/jour/article/view/803">https://www.clinvest.ru/jour/article/view/803</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Внедрение технологий искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) в клинические исследования (КИ) открывает новые горизонты для разработки лекарственных средств, однако сопряжено со значительными методологическими и регуляторными вызовами. Разрыв между скоростью технологического прогресса и его практической имплементацией требует разработки комплексных подходов для эффективной интеграции ИИ в исследовательскую практику.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Обобщить и систематизировать ключевые направления применения ИИ на этапе клинических исследований, выявить существующие барьеры и предложить решения для их преодоления.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведён обзор литературы и обобщение данных из актуальных научных публикаций, регуляторных документов и методических рекомендаций, посвящённых использованию ИИ в КИ в период с 01.09.2019 по 28.08.2025 гг. В качестве основы для структурирования материала использована концепция многоуровневой архитектуры ИИ, включающая перцептивный, когнитивный и решающий интеллект.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В  ходе настоящего анализа выделены ключевые направления применения ИИ в  КИ: разработка дизайна и оптимизация рекрутинга пациентов с использованием цифровых «двойников», децентрализованный мониторинг данных, а  также предиктивное выявление и  оценка нежелательных явлений. Вместе с  тем установлено, что потенциальное внедрение ИИ ограничивается рядом факторов: низким качеством и  недостаточной полнотой исходных данных, трудностями интерпретации работы алгоритмов, отсутствием единых стандартов проверки достоверности, а также неопределённостью нормативно-правового регулирования. Для преодоления этих препятствий предложена многоуровневая модель интеграции ИИ, включающая технологический, организационный, этический и регуляторный уровни.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полноценная интеграция цифровых технологий в клинические исследования способна кардинально повысить их эффективность, при этом сократить сроки и  стоимость разработки новых лекарственных средств. Мы считаем, что преодоление существующих барьеров требует скоординированных усилий научного сообщества, регуляторных органов и фармацевтической индустрии для создания единой экосистемы, обеспечивающей прозрачность, надежность и этичность применения цифровых технологий.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. The introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in clinical trials (CTs) opens up new horizons for drug development, but it is associated with significant methodological and regulatory challenges. The gap between the speed of technological progress and its practical implementation necessitates the development of comprehensive approaches for the effective integration of AI into research practice.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To summarize and systematize the key areas of AI application at all stages of the clinical trial life cycle, identify existing barriers, and propose a comprehensive model to overcome them.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A systematic analysis and generalization of data from current scientific publications, regulatory documents, and methodological recommendations on the use of AI in clinical trials was conducted (during 01.09.2019 по 28.08.2025 yy). The concept of a multilevel AI architecture, including perceptual, cognitive, and decision-making intelligence, was used as a basis for structuring the material.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In the course of the analysis, the key areas of AI application were identified and characterized in detail: from the development of a study design and optimization of patient recruitment using digital twins to decentralized data monitoring and predictive analysis of adverse events. The main barriers that hinder the widespread adoption of AI have been identified: data quality and representativeness problems, model insufficient interpretability, lack of unified validation standards, and legal uncertainty. A multilevel model for AI integration is proposed, covering the technological, organizational, ethical, and regulatory aspects.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The full integration of AI into clinical trials can dramatically increase their effectiveness and reduce the time and cost of developing new drugs. We believe that overcoming the existing barriers requires coordinated efforts of the scientific community, regulatory authorities, and the pharmaceutical industry to create a single ecosystem that ensures the transparency, reliability, and ethics of the use of digital technologies.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>клинические исследования</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd><kwd>большие языковые модели</kwd><kwd>цифровые двойники</kwd><kwd>управление данными</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rtificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>clinical trials</kwd><kwd>digital technology</kwd><kwd>large language models</kwd><kwd>digital twins</kwd><kwd>data management</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фармацевтическая отрасль 4.0. Цифровая трансформация / под общей редакцией Хохлова А.Л., Пятигорской Н.В. — Москва : Издательство ОКИ, 2025. — 312 с. : цв. ил. 37. ISBN 978-5-4465-4468-4. Режим доступа: https://izdat-oki.ru/farmacevticheskaya-otrasl-4-0-cifrovaya-transformaciya.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pharmaceutical industry 4.0. Digital transformation / edited by A.L. Khokhlov, N.V. Pyatigorskaya. — Moscow: OKI Publishing House, 2025. — 312 p.: color ill. 37. ISBN 978-5-4465-4468-4. Режим доступа: https://izdat-oki.ru/farmacevticheskaya-otrasl-4-0-cifrovaya-transformaciya.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карпов О.Э., Храмов А.Е. Информационные технологии, вычислительные системы и искусственный интеллект в медицине. – М.: ДПК Пресс; 2022. – 480 с. ISBN 978-5-91976-232-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karpov O.E., Khramov A.E. Information technology, computing systems and artificial intelligence in medicine. – M.: DPK Press; 2022. – 480 s. (In Russ.). ISBN 978-5-91976-232-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поройков В.В. Компьютерное конструирование лекарств: от поиска новых фармакологических веществ до системной фармакологии. Биомедицинская химия. 2020;66(1):30-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poroikov VV. Komp'iuternoe konstruirovanie lekarstv: ot poiska novykh farmakologicheskikh veshchestv do sistemnoĭ farmakologii [Computer-aided drug design: from discovery of novel pharmaceutical agents to systems pharmacology]. Biomed Khim. 2020 Jan;66(1):30-41. doi: 10.18097/PBMC20206601030. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang K, Meng X, Yan X, et al. Revolutionizing Health Care: The Transformative Impact of Large Language Models in Medicine. J Med Internet Res. 2025 Jan 7;27:e59069. doi: 10.2196/59069.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang K, Meng X, Yan X, et al. Revolutionizing Health Care: The Transformative Impact of Large Language Models in Medicine. J Med Internet Res. 2025 Jan 7;27:e59069. doi: 10.2196/59069.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malheiro V, Santos B, Figueiras A, Mascarenhas-Melo F. The Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical Innovation: From Drug Discovery to Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 May 25;18(6):788. doi: 10.3390/ph18060788.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malheiro V, Santos B, Figueiras A, Mascarenhas-Melo F. The Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical Innovation: From Drug Discovery to Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 May 25;18(6):788. doi: 10.3390/ph18060788.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Указ Президента Российской Федерации № 490 от 10 октября 2019 г. (ред. от 15.02.2024) «О развитии искусственного интеллекта в Российской Федерации». Доступно по: https://www.consultant.ru. Дата обращения: 02.08.2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 490 of October 10, 2019 (as amended on February 15, 2024) "On the development of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation.". (In Russ.). Доступно по: https://www.consultant.ru. Дата обращения: 02.08.2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Parliament. EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence. – 2024. European Parliament.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Parliament. EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence. – 2024. European Parliament. [European Parliament. EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence. European Parliament; 2024. Available from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence. Accessed 2025 Aug 08].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The White House. Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. – 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The White House. Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. – 2023. [The White House. Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. 2023. Available from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/. Accessed 2025 Aug 08.].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, Department of Health and Human Services. Health Data, Technology, and Interoperability: Certification Program Updates, Algorithm Transparency, and Information Sharing. 45 CFR §170, 171. – 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, Department of Health and Human Services. Health Data, Technology, and Interoperability: Certification Program Updates, Algorithm Transparency, and Information Sharing. 45 CFR §170, 171. – 2024. [Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, Department of Health and Human Services. Health Data, Technology, and Interoperability: Certification Program Updates, Algorithm Transparency, and Information Sharing. 45 CFR §170, 171. 2024. Available from: https://www.healthit.gov/topic/interoperability/health-data-technology-and-interoperability-certification-program-updates-algorithm-transparency-and-information-sharing. Accessed 2025 Aug 08.].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koshechkin KA, Lebedev GS, Fartushnyi EN, Orlov YL. Holistic Approach for Artificial Intelligence Implementation in Pharmaceutical Products Lifecycle: A Meta-Analysis. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(16):8373. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168373.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koshechkin KA, Lebedev GS, Fartushnyi EN, Orlov YL. Holistic Approach for Artificial Intelligence Implementation in Pharmaceutical Products Lifecycle: A Meta-Analysis. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(16):8373. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168373.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Свечкарева И.Р., Гусев А.В., Колбин А.С. Перспективы искусственного интеллекта в доклинических и клинических исследованиях. Клиническая фармакология и фармакотерапия. 2025;34(1):14-19. DOI 10.32756/0869- 5490-2025 1-14-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svechkareva IR, Gusev AV, Kolbin AS. Artificial intelligence in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Klini cheskaya farmakologiya i terapiya = Clin Pharmacol Ther 2025;34(1):14-19 (In Russ.)]. DOI 10.32756/0869-5490-2025 1-14-19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed MI, Spooner B, Isherwood J, et al. A Systematic Review of the Barriers to the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Cureus. 2023 Oct 4;15(10):e46454. doi: 10.7759/cureus.46454.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed MI, Spooner B, Isherwood J, et al. A Systematic Review of the Barriers to the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Cureus. 2023 Oct 4;15(10):e46454. doi: 10.7759/cureus.46454.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu SC, Swisher CL, Chung C, et al. On the importance of interpretable machine learning predictions to inform clinical decision making in oncology. Front Oncol. 2023 Feb 28;13:1129380. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1129380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu SC, Swisher CL, Chung C, et al. On the importance of interpretable machine learning predictions to inform clinical decision making in oncology. Front Oncol. 2023 Feb 28;13:1129380. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1129380.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chin MH, Afsar-Manesh N, Bierman AS, et al. Guiding Principles to Address the Impact of Algorithm Bias on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Dec 1;6(12):e2345050. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.45050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chin MH, Afsar-Manesh N, Bierman AS, et al. Guiding Principles to Address the Impact of Algorithm Bias on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Dec 1;6(12):e2345050. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.45050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ueda D, Kakinuma T, Fujita S, et al. Fairness of artificial intelligence in healthcare: review and recommendations. Jpn J Radiol. 2024 Jan;42(1): 3-15. doi: 10.1007/s11604-023-01474-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ueda D, Kakinuma T, Fujita S, et al. Fairness of artificial intelligence in healthcare: review and recommendations. Jpn J Radiol. 2024 Jan;42(1): 3-15. doi: 10.1007/s11604-023-01474-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Warraich HJ, Tazbaz T, Califf RM. FDA Perspective on the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care and Biomedicine. JAMA. 2025 Jan 21;333(3):241-247. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.21451.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Warraich HJ, Tazbaz T, Califf RM. FDA Perspective on the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care and Biomedicine. JAMA. 2025 Jan 21;333(3):241-247. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.21451.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pavuluri S, Sangal R, Sather J, Taylor RA. Balancing act: the complex role of artificial intelligence in addressing burnout and healthcare workforce dynamics. BMJ Health Care Inform. 2024 Aug 24;31(1):e101120. doi: 10.1136/bmjhci-2024-101120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavuluri S, Sangal R, Sather J, Taylor RA. Balancing act: the complex role of artificial intelligence in addressing burnout and healthcare workforce dynamics. BMJ Health Care Inform. 2024 Aug 24;31(1):e101120. doi: 10.1136/bmjhci-2024-101120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mumtaz H, Riaz MH, Wajid H, et al. Current challenges and potential solutions to the use of digital health technologies in evidence generation: a narrative review. Front Digit Health. 2023 Sep 28;5:1203945. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1203945.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mumtaz H, Riaz MH, Wajid H, et al. Current challenges and potential solutions to the use of digital health technologies in evidence generation: a narrative review. Front Digit Health. 2023 Sep 28;5:1203945. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1203945.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esmaeilzadeh P. Challenges and strategies for wide-scale artificial intelligence (AI) deployment in healthcare practices: A perspective for healthcare organizations. Artif Intell Med. 2024 May;151:102861. doi: 10.1016/j.artmed.2024.102861.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esmaeilzadeh P. Challenges and strategies for wide-scale artificial intelligence (AI) deployment in healthcare practices: A perspective for healthcare organizations. Artif Intell Med. 2024 May;151:102861. doi: 10.1016/j.artmed.2024.102861.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Управление клиническими исследованиями / под общ. ред. Белоусова Д. Ю., Зырянова С. К., Колбина А. С. — 1-е изд. — М. : Буки Веди : Издательство ОКИ, 2017. — 676 с. : ил. ISBN 978-5-4465-1602-5. ISBN 978-5-4465-1602-5. Режим доступа: https://izdat-oki.ru/upravlenie_klinicheskimi_issledovaniyami.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical project management. / Belousov D.YU., Zyryanov S.K., Kolbin A.S. – 1-e izd. – M.: Buki Vedi: Izdatel’stvo OKI; 2017. – 676 s. (In Russ.). ISBN 978-5-4465-1602-5. Режим доступа: https://izdat-oki.ru/upravlenie_klinicheskimi_issledovaniymi.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">You JG, Hernandez-Boussard T, Pfeffer MA, et al. Clinical trials informed framework for real world clinical implementation and deployment of artificial intelligence applications. NPJ Digit Med. 2025 Feb 17;8(1):107. doi: 10.1038/s41746-025-01506-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">You JG, Hernandez-Boussard T, Pfeffer MA, et al. Clinical trials informed framework for real world clinical implementation and deployment of artificial intelligence applications. NPJ Digit Med. 2025 Feb 17;8(1):107. doi: 10.1038/s41746-025-01506-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Topol EJ. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat Med. 2019 Jan;25(1):44-56. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Topol EJ. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat Med. 2019 Jan;25(1):44-56. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akinrinmade AO, Adebile TM, Ezuma-Ebong C, et al. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Perception and Reality. Cureus. 2023 Sep 20;15(9):e45594. doi: 10.7759/cureus.45594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akinrinmade AO, Adebile TM, Ezuma-Ebong C, et al. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Perception and Reality. Cureus. 2023 Sep 20;15(9):e45594. doi: 10.7759/cureus.45594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costello J, Kaur M, Reformat MZ, Bolduc FV. Leveraging Knowledge Graphs and Natural Language Processing for Automated Web Resource Labeling and Knowledge Mobilization in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Development and Usability Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023 Apr 17;25:e45268. doi: 10.2196/45268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costello J, Kaur M, Reformat MZ, Bolduc FV. Leveraging Knowledge Graphs and Natural Language Processing for Automated Web Resource Labeling and Knowledge Mobilization in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Development and Usability Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023 Apr 17;25:e45268. doi: 10.2196/45268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Z, Liang N, Zhang H, et al. Harnessing the power of clinical decision support systems: challenges and opportunities. Open Heart. 2023 Nov 28;10(2):e002432. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2023-002432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Z, Liang N, Zhang H, et al. Harnessing the power of clinical decision support systems: challenges and opportunities. Open Heart. 2023 Nov 28;10(2):e002432. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2023-002432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reason T, Langham J, Gimblett A. Automated Mass Extraction of Over 680,000 PICOs from Clinical Study Abstracts Using Generative AI: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Pharmaceut Med. 2024 Sep;38(5):365-372. doi: 10.1007/s40290-024-00539-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reason T, Langham J, Gimblett A. Automated Mass Extraction of Over 680,000 PICOs from Clinical Study Abstracts Using Generative AI: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Pharmaceut Med. 2024 Sep;38(5):365-372. doi: 10.1007/s40290-024-00539-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng AC, Banasiewicz MK, Johnson JD, et al. Evaluating automated electronic case report form data entry from electronic health records. J Clin Transl Sci. 2022 Dec 14;7(1):e29. doi: 10.1017/cts.2022.514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng AC, Banasiewicz MK, Johnson JD, et al. Evaluating automated electronic case report form data entry from electronic health records. J Clin Transl Sci. 2022 Dec 14;7(1):e29. doi: 10.1017/cts.2022.514.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrer S, Shah P, Antony B, Hu J. Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Trial Design. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2019 Aug;40(8):577-591. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.05.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrer S, Shah P, Antony B, Hu J. Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Trial Design. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2019 Aug;40(8):577-591. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.05.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kudrin R, Bushmakin I, Novitskaia O, et al. Multimodal AI engine for clinical trials outcome prediction: prospective case study H2 2023. 2023. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10165.24809.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudrin R, Bushmakin I, Novitskaia O, et al. Multimodal AI engine for clinical trials outcome prediction: prospective case study H2 2023. 2023. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10165.24809.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denniston AK, Liu X. Responsible and evidence-based AI: 5 years on. Lancet Digit Health. 2024 May;6(5):e305-e307. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00071-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denniston AK, Liu X. Responsible and evidence-based AI: 5 years on. Lancet Digit Health. 2024 May;6(5):e305-e307. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00071-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agboola OE, Agboola SS, Odeghe OB, et al. Computational Genome Engineering Through AI-CRISPR-Precision Medicine Integration in Modern Therapeutics. Ann Pharm Fr. 2025 Aug 7:S0003- 4509(25)00117-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pharma.2025.08.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agboola OE, Agboola SS, Odeghe OB, et al. Computational Genome Engineering Through AI-CRISPR-Precision Medicine Integration in Modern Therapeutics. Ann Pharm Fr. 2025 Aug 7:S0003- 4509(25)00117-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pharma.2025.08.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norori N, Hu Q, Aellen FM, et al. Addressing bias in big data and AI for health care: A call for open science. Patterns (N Y). 2021 Oct 8;2(10):100347. doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2021.100347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norori N, Hu Q, Aellen FM, et al. Addressing bias in big data and AI for health care: A call for open science. Patterns (N Y). 2021 Oct 8;2(10):100347. doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2021.100347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saint James Aquino Y. Making decisions: Bias in artificial intelligence and data driven diagnostic tools. Aust J Gen Pract. 2023 Jul;52(7):439- 442. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-12-22-6630.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saint James Aquino Y. Making decisions: Bias in artificial intelligence and data driven diagnostic tools. Aust J Gen Pract. 2023 Jul;52(7):439- 442. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-12-22-6630.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gross CP, Mallory R, Heiat A, Krumholz HM. Reporting the recruitment process in clinical trials: who are these patients and how did they get there? Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jul 2;137(1):10-6. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-1-200207020-00007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gross CP, Mallory R, Heiat A, Krumholz HM. Reporting the recruitment process in clinical trials: who are these patients and how did they get there? Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jul 2;137(1):10-6. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-1-200207020-00007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nashwan AJ, Hani SB. Transforming cancer clinical trials: The integral role of artificial intelligence in electronic health records for efficient patient recruitment. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2023 Nov 7;36:101223. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nashwan AJ, Hani SB. Transforming cancer clinical trials: The integral role of artificial intelligence in electronic health records for efficient patient recruitment. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2023 Nov 7;36:101223. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyasato G, Kasivajjala VC, Misra M, et al. AI-driven real-time patient identification for randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(16_ suppl):e13565. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.e13565.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyasato G, Kasivajjala VC, Misra M, et al. AI-driven real-time patient identification for randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(16_ suppl):e13565. doi:10.1200/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.e13565.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ismail A, Al-Zoubi T, El Naqa I, Saeed H. The role of artificial intelligence in hastening time to recruitment in clinical trials. BJR Open. 2023 May 16;5(1):20220023. doi: 10.1259/bjro.20220023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismail A, Al-Zoubi T, El Naqa I, Saeed H. The role of artificial intelligence in hastening time to recruitment in clinical trials. BJR Open. 2023 May 16;5(1):20220023. doi: 10.1259/bjro.20220023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allam A, Feuerriegel S, Rebhan M, Krauthammer M. Analyzing Patient Trajectories With Artificial Intelligence. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Dec 3;23(12):e29812. doi: 10.2196/29812.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allam A, Feuerriegel S, Rebhan M, Krauthammer M. Analyzing Patient Trajectories With Artificial Intelligence. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Dec 3;23(12):e29812. doi: 10.2196/29812.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terranova N, Venkatakrishnan K. Machine Learning in Modeling Disease Trajectory and Treatment Outcomes: An Emerging Enabler for Model-Informed Precision Medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2024 Apr;115(4):720-726. doi: 10.1002/cpt.3153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terranova N, Venkatakrishnan K. Machine Learning in Modeling Disease Trajectory and Treatment Outcomes: An Emerging Enabler for Model-Informed Precision Medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2024 Apr;115(4):720-726. doi: 10.1002/cpt.3153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Birkenbihl C, de Jong J, Yalchyk I, Fröhlich H. Deep learning-based patient stratification for prognostic enrichment of clinical dementia trials. Brain Commun. 2024 Dec 16;6(6):fcae445. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birkenbihl C, de Jong J, Yalchyk I, Fröhlich H. Deep learning-based patient stratification for prognostic enrichment of clinical dementia trials. Brain Commun. 2024 Dec 16;6(6):fcae445. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qiu J, Hu Y, Li L, et al. Deep representation learning for clustering longitudinal survival data from electronic health records. Nat Commun. 2025 Mar 14;16(1):2534. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56625-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qiu J, Hu Y, Li L, et al. Deep representation learning for clustering longitudinal survival data from electronic health records. Nat Commun. 2025 Mar 14;16(1):2534. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56625-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шогенова З., Крымшокалова Д.А., Джамихова Ф.Х. Информационные системы цифровых двойников пациентов для комплексного представления и обработки медицинских данных. Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета. Серия: Естественно-математические и технические науки. 2025;1:47–54. doi: 10.53598/2410-3225-2025-1-356-47-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shogenova Z, Krymshokalova DA, Dzhamikhova FKh. Digital patient twin information systems for integrated presentation and processing of medical data. Bulletin of Adyghe State University. Series: Natural, Mathematical, and Technical Sciences. 2025;1:47–54. (In Russ.). doi: 10.53598/2410-3225-2025-1-356-47-54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bordukova M, Makarov N, Rodriguez-Esteban R, et al. Generative artificial intelligence empowers digital twins in drug discovery and clinical trials. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2024 Jan-Jun;19(1):33-42. doi: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2273839.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bordukova M, Makarov N, Rodriguez-Esteban R, et al. Generative artificial intelligence empowers digital twins in drug discovery and clinical trials. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2024 Jan-Jun;19(1):33-42. doi: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2273839.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vishnu Priya N. EMA qualifies Unlearn’s AI-driven approach for smaller trials, 2022. Clinical Trials Arena. URL: https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/ema-qualifies-unlearn-approach/?cf-view. Дата обращения: 15.08.2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vishnu Priya N. EMA qualifies Unlearn’s AI-driven approach for smaller trials, 2022. Clinical Trials Arena. URL: https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/ema-qualifies-unlearn-approach/?cf-view. Дата обращения: 15.08.2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang B, Zhang L, Chen Q, et al. Harnessing artificial intelligence to improve clinical trial design. Commun Med (Lond). 2023 Dec 21;3(1):191. doi: 10.1038/s43856-023-00425-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang B, Zhang L, Chen Q, et al. Harnessing artificial intelligence to improve clinical trial design. Commun Med (Lond). 2023 Dec 21;3(1):191. doi: 10.1038/s43856-023-00425-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walsh J. Reducing Placebo Burden: TwinRCTs and Their Impact on Clinical Trials. Unlearn.ai Blog. – 2023. [Walsh J. Reducing Placebo Burden: TwinRCTs and Their Impact on Clinical Trials. Unlearn.ai Blog. 2023. Available from: https://www.unlearn.ai/blog/reducing-placebo-burden-twinrcts-and-their-impact-on-clinical-trials. Accessed 2025 Aug 15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walsh J. Reducing Placebo Burden: TwinRCTs and Their Impact on Clinical Trials. Unlearn.ai Blog. – 2023. [Walsh J. Reducing Placebo Burden: TwinRCTs and Their Impact on Clinical Trials. Unlearn.ai Blog. 2023. Available from: https://www.unlearn.ai/blog/reducing-placebo-burden-twinrcts-and-their-impact-on-clinical-trials. Accessed 2025 Aug 15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unlearn. European Medicines Agency qualifies Unlearn’s AI-powered method for running smaller, faster clinical trials. // BioSpace. – 2022. [Unlearn. European Medicines Agency qualifies Unlearn’s AI-powered method for running smaller, faster clinical trials. BioSpace. 2022. Available from: https://www.biospace.com/european-medicines-agency-qualifies-unlearn-s-ai-powered-method-for-running-smaller-faster-clinical-trials. Accessed 2025 Aug 15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unlearn. European Medicines Agency qualifies Unlearn’s AI-powered method for running smaller, faster clinical trials. // BioSpace. – 2022. [Unlearn. European Medicines Agency qualifies Unlearn’s AI-powered method for running smaller, faster clinical trials. BioSpace. 2022. Available from: https://www.biospace.com/european-medicines-agency-qualifies-unlearn-s-ai-powered-method-for-running-smaller-faster-clinical-trials. Accessed 2025 Aug 15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luigi Rullo, Paths of Digital twins in the public sector. A systematic review of the social sciences literature. Rivista di Digital Politics. 2024:3;631-53, doi: 10.53227/116592.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luigi Rullo, Paths of Digital twins in the public sector. A systematic review of the social sciences literature. Rivista di Digital Politics. 2024:3;631-53, doi: 10.53227/116592.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang HC, Gitau AM, Kothapalli S, et al. Understanding the need for digital twins' data in patient advocacy and forecasting oncology. Front Artif Intell. 2023 Nov 10;6:1260361. doi: 10.3389/frai.2023.1260361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang HC, Gitau AM, Kothapalli S, et al. Understanding the need for digital twins' data in patient advocacy and forecasting oncology. Front Artif Intell. 2023 Nov 10;6:1260361. doi: 10.3389/frai.2023.1260361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weinberger N, Hery D, Mahr D, et al. Beyond the gender data gap: co-creating equitable digital patient twins. Front Digit Health. 2025 Apr 30;7:1584415. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1584415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weinberger N, Hery D, Mahr D, et al. Beyond the gender data gap: co-creating equitable digital patient twins. Front Digit Health. 2025 Apr 30;7:1584415. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1584415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gelis L, Stoeckert I, Podhaisky HP. Digital Tools-Regulatory Considerations for Application in Clinical Trials. Ther Innov Regul Sci. 2023 Jul;57(4):769-782. doi: 10.1007/s43441-023-00535-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gelis L, Stoeckert I, Podhaisky HP. Digital Tools-Regulatory Considerations for Application in Clinical Trials. Ther Innov Regul Sci. 2023 Jul;57(4):769-782. doi: 10.1007/s43441-023-00535-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sel K, Hawkins-Daarud A, Chaudhuri A, et al. Survey and perspective on verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification of digital twins for precision medicine. NPJ Digit Med. 2025 Jan 17;8(1):40. doi: 10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sel K, Hawkins-Daarud A, Chaudhuri A, et al. Survey and perspective on verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification of digital twins for precision medicine. NPJ Digit Med. 2025 Jan 17;8(1):40. doi: 10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allen B. The Promise of Explainable AI in Digital Health for Precision Medicine: A Systematic Review. J Pers Med. 2024 Mar 1;14(3):277. doi: 10.3390/jpm14030277.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allen B. The Promise of Explainable AI in Digital Health for Precision Medicine: A Systematic Review. J Pers Med. 2024 Mar 1;14(3):277. doi: 10.3390/jpm14030277.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lampreia F, Madeira C, Dores H. Digital health technologies and artificial intelligence in cardiovascular clinical trials: A landscape of the European space. Digit Health. 2024 Sep 5;10:20552076241277703. doi: 10.1177/20552076241277703.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lampreia F, Madeira C, Dores H. Digital health technologies and artificial intelligence in cardiovascular clinical trials: A landscape of the European space. Digit Health. 2024 Sep 5;10:20552076241277703. doi: 10.1177/20552076241277703.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moglia V, Johnson O, Cook G, et al. Artificial intelligence methods applied to longitudinal data from electronic health records for prediction of cancer: a scoping review. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2025 Jan 28;25(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12874-025-02473-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moglia V, Johnson O, Cook G, et al. Artificial intelligence methods applied to longitudinal data from electronic health records for prediction of cancer: a scoping review. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2025 Jan 28;25(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12874-025-02473-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teodoro D, Naderi N, Yazdani A, et al. A scoping review of artificial intelligence applications in clinical trial risk assessment. NPJ Digit Med. 2025 Jul 30;8(1):486. doi: 10.1038/s41746-025-01886-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teodoro D, Naderi N, Yazdani A, et al. A scoping review of artificial intelligence applications in clinical trial risk assessment. NPJ Digit Med. 2025 Jul 30;8(1):486. doi: 10.1038/s41746-025-01886-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tong L, Shi W, Isgut M, et al. Integrating Multi-Omics Data With EHR for Precision Medicine Using Advanced Artificial Intelligence. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2024;17:80-97. doi: 10.1109/RBME.2023.3324264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tong L, Shi W, Isgut M, et al. Integrating Multi-Omics Data With EHR for Precision Medicine Using Advanced Artificial Intelligence. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2024;17:80-97. doi: 10.1109/RBME.2023.3324264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lipkova J, Chen RJ, Chen B, et al. Artificial intelligence for multimodal data integration in oncology. Cancer Cell. 2022 Oct 10;40(10):1095- 1110. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.09.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipkova J, Chen RJ, Chen B, et al. Artificial intelligence for multimodal data integration in oncology. Cancer Cell. 2022 Oct 10;40(10):1095- 1110. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.09.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azenkot T, Rivera DR, Stewart MD, Patel SP. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Innovations to Improve Design and Representativeness in Oncology Clinical Trials. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2025 Jun;45(3):e473590. doi: 10.1200/EDBK-25-473590.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azenkot T, Rivera DR, Stewart MD, Patel SP. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Innovations to Improve Design and Representativeness in Oncology Clinical Trials. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2025 Jun;45(3):e473590. doi: 10.1200/EDBK-25-473590.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shoda K, Kawaguchi Y, Maruyama S, Ichikawa D. Essential Updates 2023/2024: Recent Advances of Multimodal Approach in Patients for Gastric Cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg. 2025;0:1-9. doi:10.1002/ags3.70041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shoda K, Kawaguchi Y, Maruyama S, Ichikawa D. Essential Updates 2023/2024: Recent Advances of Multimodal Approach in Patients for Gastric Cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg. 2025;0:1-9. doi:10.1002/ags3.70041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goh B, Bhaskar SMM. The role of artificial intelligence in optimizing management of atrial fibrillation in acute ischemic stroke. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2024 Nov;1541(1):24-36. doi: 10.1111/nyas.15231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goh B, Bhaskar SMM. The role of artificial intelligence in optimizing management of atrial fibrillation in acute ischemic stroke. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2024 Nov;1541(1):24-36. doi: 10.1111/nyas.15231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lifebit. AI Driven Drug Discovery: 5 Powerful Breakthroughs in 2025. // Lifebit Blog. – 2025. [Lifebit. AI Driven Drug Discovery: 5 Powerful Breakthroughs in 2025. Lifebit Blog. 2025. Available from: https://lifebit. ai/blog/ai-driven-drug-discovery. Accessed 2025 Aug 17].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lifebit. AI Driven Drug Discovery: 5 Powerful Breakthroughs in 2025. // Lifebit Blog. – 2025. [Lifebit. AI Driven Drug Discovery: 5 Powerful Breakthroughs in 2025. Lifebit Blog. 2025. Available from: https://lifebit.ai/blog/ai-driven-drug-discovery. Accessed 2025 Aug 17].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cascini F, Beccia F, Causio FA, et al. Scoping review of the current landscape of AI-based applications in clinical trials. Front Public Health. 2022 Aug 12;10:949377. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.949377.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cascini F, Beccia F, Causio FA, et al. Scoping review of the current landscape of AI-based applications in clinical trials. Front Public Health. 2022 Aug 12;10:949377. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.949377.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sedano R, Solitano V, Vuyyuru SK, et al. Artificial intelligence to revolutionize IBD clinical trials: a comprehensive review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2025 Feb 23;18:17562848251321915. doi: 10.1177/17562848251321915.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sedano R, Solitano V, Vuyyuru SK, et al. Artificial intelligence to revolutionize IBD clinical trials: a comprehensive review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2025 Feb 23;18:17562848251321915. doi: 10.1177/17562848251321915.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhask ar SMM. Medicine Meets Science: The Imperative of Scientific Research and Publishing for Physician-Scientists. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2025 Jan 9;35(Suppl 1):S9-S17. doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1800803.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhask ar SMM. Medicine Meets Science: The Imperative of Scientific Research and Publishing for Physician-Scientists. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2025 Jan 9;35(Suppl 1):S9-S17. doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1800803.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кобякова О.С., Ерёмченко О.А., Канев А.А., Куракова Н.Г. Квантовые технологии в здравоохранении: анализ кейсов и перспектив. Врач и информационные технологии. 2025;(1):6-21. https://doi.org/10.25881/18110193_2025_1_6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobyakova O.S., Eremchenko O.A., Kanev A.A., Kurakova N.G. Quantum technologies in healthcare: analysis of cases and perspectives. Medical Doctor and Information Technologies. 2025;(1):6-21. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ezeogu FL, Franca MA, Opara J, Palama V, et al. Integrating AI-Based Therapeutic Design and Cloud Cybersecurity for Rare Genetic Diseases: A Systematic Review. Asian J Res Comput Sci. 2025;18(8):43-57. doi:10.9734/ajrcos/2025/v18i8739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezeogu FL, Franca MA, Opara J, Palama V, et al. Integrating AI-Based Therapeutic Design and Cloud Cybersecurity for Rare Genetic Diseases: A Systematic Review. Asian J Res Comput Sci. 2025;18(8):43-57. doi:10.9734/ajrcos/2025/v18i8739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королева Ю.И., Хохлов А.Л., Артемова О.Р., Костина Е.В., Зарубина Т.В. Кодекс этики применения искусственного интеллекта в сфере охраны здоровья в Российской Федерации. Врач и информационные технологии. 2025;(2):98-106. https://doi.org/10.25881/18110193_2025_2_98</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koroleva J.I., Khokhlov A.L., Artemova O.R., Kostina E.V., Zarubina T.V. Code of ethics for the use of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation healthcare. Medical Doctor and Information Technologies. 2025;(2):98-106. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хохлов А.Л., Зарубина Т.В., Котловский М.Ю., Павлов А.В., Потапов М.П., Солдатова О.Н. и др. Механизмы внедрения технологий искусственного интеллекта в здравоохранение: новые этические вызовы. Медицинская этика. 2024;(3):4–10. DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokholov AL, Zarubina TV, Kotlovsky MY, Pavlov AV, Potapov MP, Soldatova ON, et al. Mechanisms for introduction of artificial intelligence in healthcare: new ethical challenges. Medical Ethics. 2024;(3):4–10. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кошечкин К.А., Хохлов А.Л. Этические проблемы внедрения искусственного интеллекта в здравоохранении. Медицинская этика. 2024;(1):12–9. DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koshechkin KA, Khokholov AL. Ethical issues in implementing artificial intelligence in healthcare. Medical Ethics. 2024;(1):11–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильев Ю.А., Гусев А.В., Михайлова А.А., Шарова Д.Е., Арзамасов К.М., Владзимирский А.В. Этические принципы разработки систем искусственного интеллекта для здравоохранения. Врач и информационные технологии. 2023;(4):36-41. https://doi.org/10.25881/18110193_2023_4_36</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasiliev Y.A., Gusev A.V., Mikhailova A.A., Sharova D.E., Arzamasov K.M., Vladzymyrskyy A.V. Ethical principles of the development of artificial intelligence systems for healthcare. Medical Doctor and Information Technologies. 2023;(4):36- 41. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кодекс этики применения искусственного интеллекта в сфере охраны здоровья. // Портал оперативного взаимодействия участников ЕГИСЗ. – Март 2025. Доступно по: https://portal.egisz.rosminzdrav.ru/news/1001. Ссылка активна на 23.08.2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Code of Ethics for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. // Portal for operational interaction of participants in the Unified State Health Information System (EGISZ). March 2025. (In Russ.). Доступно по: https://portal.egisz.rosminzdrav.ru/news/1001. Ссылка активна на 23.08.2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кодекс этики применения искусственного интеллекта в сфере охраны здоровья. Версия 2.1 (утв. Межведомственной рабочей группой при Минздраве России по вопросам создания, развития и внедрения в клиническую практику медицинских изделий и сервисов с использованием технологий искусственного интеллекта, протокол от 14 февраля 2025 г. N 90/18-0/117). – 21 августа 2025. Доступно по: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/411615533/. Ссылка активна на 21.08.2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Code of Ethics for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Version 2.1 (approved by the Interdepartmental Working Group under the Russian Ministry of Health on the Creation, Development, and Implementation of Medical Devices and Services Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies into Clinical Practice, Protocol No. 90/18-0/117 of February 14, 2025). – August 21, 2025. (In Russ.). Доступно по: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/411615533/. Ссылка активна на 21.08.2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosenzweig M, Belcher SM, Braithwaite LE, et al. Research Priorities of the Oncology Nursing Society: 2024-2027. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2024 Oct 17;51(6):502-515. doi: 10.1188/24.ONF.502-515.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosenzweig M, Belcher SM, Braithwaite LE, et al. Research Priorities of the Oncology Nursing Society: 2024-2027. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2024 Oct 17;51(6):502-515. doi: 10.1188/24.ONF.502-515.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
